The quiet consensus on urban growth in the Portland metro area

Kari Chisholm FacebookTwitterWebsite

A decade ago, the Portland metro area was in the midst of a highly contentious fight over urban growth. Many of us remember the blistering fights over the Region 2040 plan; fights over whether and how the Urban Growth Boundary should be expanded; fights that often led to bitter ideological battles.

Most political battles in America can be placed on a left/right continuum. But in Portland, the mid-90s fights over the UGB always had three separate ideological poles. At one corner of the triangle, you had the builders and pavers - who believe the UGB should be expanded (or abolished) and population density reduced. At another, the New Urbanism advocates who wanted to maintain the UGB while managing growth through higher densities and community amenities. And the third corner contained the "no growthers" who believed there was a way to stop population growth in the metro area - maintaining the UGB and maintaining density.

Put another way, it was a fight over a single mathematical formula - and how it would change over time. Density equals population divided by acreage. If you accept that the population is increasing, then you either need to increase density or increase sprawl - which were the arguments, respectively of the New Urbanists and the builder-pavers. The no-growthers would insert themselves in the debate by refusing to accept that population was increasing (and trying to invent ways to stop population growth.) As one wag put it, the no-growthers were the "can't do math caucus."

The argument was personified by three members of the Metro Council. Don Morissette, a nationally-known homebuilder, spent over $400,000 getting elected to the Metro Council - still at least triple what anyone else has spent before or since getting elected to a council seat. He argued consistently (and still does) that the region needs to consume lots of new land for big homes and yards for suburban families.

Morissette was succeeded in 1998 by no-growther Bill Atherton, who suggested that Portland should find a way to send 100,000 residents to found a new metropolis in Eastern Oregon - and that we should pay young women not to have babies. (Seriously.)

There were lots of advocates for the New Urbanist position - that we could ameliorate the effects of population growth by maintaining the urban growth boundary and encouraging denser livable communities through greenspaces, transit, and other amenities. On the Metro Council, the most prominent came to be David Bragdon - elected to a Council seat in 1998, elected Metro President in 2002, and re-elected without opposition in 2006. (I was his campaign manager in the 1998 general election run-off.)

What strikes me today is how little you hear from the no-growther position and the builder-paver position. There's finally a consensus in the Portland region that the way forward is to contain sprawl, maintain the UGB (with some minor modifications here and there), and build more compactly within the existing region.

Which isn't to say that we're no longer having tough arguments over the effects of development - but we're mostly arguing about the implementation and the details, rather than the core philosophy of the region's growth strategy.

As the Oregonian noted in its Sunday editorial, the public is overwhelmingly in favor of the UGB strategy:

The public comes to this subject with increasing sophistication. As The Oregonian's Eric Mortenson reported last month, a recent survey done for Metro showed 80 percent of voters support strong land-use protections for farms and forests. Voters enjoy the environmental and economic benefits of living in a greener, more compact region. Any effort to portray the boundary as a bugaboo is likely to go nowhere.

Even Elizabeth Hovde - the O's resident right-wing columnist - accepts the basic framework of our regional growth strategy.

After all, the ability to enjoy rural and urban Oregon in a day is a primary reason many of us live in the region and don't want to leave -- even when unemployment rates suggest we should pack our bags. Adopting Metro's advice won't just protect farmland now, designating larger rural reserves gives farmers something to count on. ...

As for being good stewards of resources, when the family cook goes to the refrigerator, she or he strives to use ingredients on hand before purchasing new perishables and wasting food. There's nothing wrong with an approach to growth that strives to fill in urban blanks before stretching homes and costly public infrastructure out further.

A dozen years ago, that last sentence would have been apostasy for metro-area conservatives. Today, it just sounds like Liz Hovde is putting the "conserve" back into "conservative".

Meanwhile, as the race gets underway to elect the region's second Metro President, it looks like the two leading candidates will both come from the New Urbanist perspective. Rex Burkholder is a Metro Council member, a co-founder of the Bicycle Transportion Alliance and the Coalition for a Livable Future. Bob Stacey was, until very recently, the executive director of 1000 Friends of Oregon. They've got their differences, to be sure, but not on the most fundamental philosophical question of how we manage our growth in this region.

As Metro digs into the next big regional plan - to cover the next 50 years - it's reassuring to see that we've put the big ideological fights behind us and can focus on the best ways to manage our growth and create a livable region full of livable neighborhoods.

  • jamie (unverified)
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    Oops, I forgot to mention that Metro is trying to make Portland into Los Angeles, the densest urban area in the country:

    From, Metro Measured, page 7, a Metro publication: We could not depart Figures 12 through 14 without pointing out some apparent disparities between perception and measurement, namely, Los Angeles . When we measure the LA region, we find high densities and low per capita road and freeway mileage and travel times only slightly higher than average . By way of contrast, common perceptions of Los Angeles suggest low density, high per capita road mileage and intolerable congestion . In public discussions we gather the general impression that Los Angeles represents a future to be avoided . By the same token, with respect to density and road per capita mileage it displays an investment pattern we desire to replicate. (Bold added) From: portlanddocs.com/metrodocs/metro_measured-txt.pdf

    Thanks JK

  • jamie (unverified)
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    Huhhh? Wake Up!! Metro is screwing all of us!!!

    The region overwhelmingly rejected density increases the last time it was on the ballot: portlandfacts.com/smart/metrodensityvote.htm

    Metro style land use restrictions caused the housing bubble: nytimes.com/2005/08/08/opinion/08krugman.html

    We are paying double what we should be paying for housing: americandreamcoalition.org/penalty.html portlandfacts.com/housing.html

  • jamie (unverified)
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    Increased density increases congestion: portlandfacts.com/smart/densitycongestion.htm

    High density costs more than low density: portlandfacts.com/smart/densitycost.htm

    High Density REDUCES social interaction: portlandfacts.com/smart/socialinteractionandurbansprawl.htm

  • jamie (unverified)
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    Don’t miss how Metro’s land use policies are lowering our standard of living: blip.tv/file/2648135

    More videos on how Metro style policies are screwing up just about everything: portlandfacts.com/video-2007adc.html

    Thanks J

  • Kurt Chapman (unverified)
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    Certainly an interesting posting Kari. It helps to understand the news atory published Sunday stating that the general trend for retiring boomers will be away from dense urgan areas like Portland to more rural areas like souther and central Oregon. The published report states that affluent boomers retiring will leave cities for the next 15 years or so, choosing less dense rural areas that have excellent weather and medical care.

  • Garage Wine (unverified)
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    The UGB is awesome. It's so awesome that no other region in the world has mimicked it. Even thought politicians and planners travel from around the world to look at our UGB and experience its wonderfulness.

    Look at all our UGB has accomplished. It has made our property values rise. So high, in fact, that Portland regularly ranks among the worst metro areas for housing affordability. Why else do politicians campaign so heavily on the issue of affordable housing?

    The UGB is awesome for business! It keeps out those dirty manufacturing companies. That's awesome because now we have the worlds largest cluster of sustainability consultants. (The only problem is that their hot air adds to the region's carbon footprint. [... sigh...])

    I say we keep the UGB. Build up, not out. Stop expanding our road network. Heck, stop repairing it. Who really needs to trade with the outside world anyway? Buy local! Build more streetcars so we can get from one lookalike TOD to another lookalike TOD to buy a Subway and a Starbucks. Yum!

    The UGB is something we should all be proud of. It's what makes us that special snowflake.

  • James P (unverified)
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    Our land use system is just one more example of a "progressive" policy that absolutely screws the low wage earner.

    Ironic, isn't it.

    While the progressives secure their scenic easement on land owned by others, Oregon's competitiveness continues its long slide.

    Hey so sweat! Just work for the government!

    Since 2007, private sector jobs in Oregon have gone down by 120,000, while public sector jobs have climbed by almost 20,000.

    Sure, THAT's "sustainable!"

    Thanks, Progressives!

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    The UGB is awesome. It's so awesome that no other region in the world has mimicked it. Even thought politicians and planners travel from around the world to look at our UGB and experience its wonderfulness.

    Actually there are a number of other US cities and elsewhere which have UGBs.

    In the US, San Jose, CA Boulder, CO, Lexington, KY and Virginia Beach, VA have them. The Minneapolis/St Paul region has one as well.

    Outside of the US, Melbourne, Australia has a pretty new UGB--just a few years old as I understand it. Canada also has a few cities with UGBs.

  • BluecollarLibertarian (unverified)
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    Ya think that Portland's unemployment rate of 11.8% is a result of the UGB?

    http://www.bls.gov/web/laummtrk.htm

  • Jim H (unverified)
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    My problem with all this high density talk is that no one connects it to ideal lot sizes. When my wife and I were looking for a new house a few years ago, it was really hard finding something with a decent-sized yard.

    Don't we also want to encourage urban-gardening? How do you do that when you squeeze everyone into postage-stamp sized lots?

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    Kari, I hope and sense that you are right about the urban growth consensus - the debate is mostly over narrower land use issues. Transportation issues, like the Columbia River Crossing proposal, may create the big debates. And,I think some of the trolls have a point about housing affordability.

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    Jim: community gardens. why does your garden have to be on your lot? why not with a short walk or bike ride? i had a couple of those while living in student housing in Eugene. my vegies tasted as good from there as they had when i had my own plot in earlier years.

    it doesn't take much to find what's wrong with living without an UGB: Houston. Atlanta. and way too many other cities. Metro is currently holding open houses and hearings to get citizen feedback on the UGB, transportation plan and other plans. get informed & get involved in a positive way. make your voice count.

  • BluecollarLibertarian (unverified)
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    So who's the troll you were reffering to Kari? Care to name names?

  • Jim H (unverified)
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    t.a., It's not just vegetable gardens. My wife and I like gardening. We like having a nice big yard where we can have big flower beds, but still have lots of lawn space for the kids to play.

    Community gardens are great for some people (particularly those that live near one), but nothing is a silver bullet that works for everyone.

    I'm not saying every lot has to be nice and big (to my standards). I was just saying that I never hear lot sizes entered into the equation any time I read about UGB discussions. Shouldn't we have a discussion about what percentage of lots should be at least x# square yards? Especially in new developments.

  • Garage Wine (unverified)
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    Disagreement does not a troll make.

    Last week, I made a comment about Oregon's taxes stifling business and employment. Someone responded that our taxes are so low that it can't be taxes that are causing Oregon's economy to languish. Therefore, the commenter concluded, it must be Oregon's land use laws.

    Now, I post a comment saying that Oregon's land use laws contribute to our languishing economy and commenters scoff at that and call it trolling.

    So, if it's not land use and it's not taxes. Why does Oregon's economy suck so bad?

  • mp97303 (unverified)
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    Houston has this really bad rap that I didn't find it deserving of. Admittedly, I only lived there a year, but I found Houston to be easy to around. Granted, the metro area is huge, but I have family the live in East Portland and NEVER venture to the westside, so people tend to stay close to where they live/work anyway.

    Not only that, but since they have a pro smart-growth philosophy, you can get a 2000 sq ft brand new home in the 2nd loop for $110,000.

    How much better off would our job situation be if families had the option of a nice home at that price point, because affordable housing for workers IS a factor in business relocation.

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    Density in Portland? Try a real city: Philly, Boston, Chigago, NYC, Hartford.

  • Jim H (unverified)
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    mp, I have to agree. I lived in Houston for a year as well. I don't like the expansion of toll roads there, but other than that, the only things I hated were the climate and the summer stench.

    I never actually ventured into the inner loop my whole time there. Speaking of which, coming from cities that utilized the "loop" highway system, I always thought that's something Portland was lacking. We have these weird half-loops.

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    BCL, Jamie/JK (i.e. Jim Karlock) is a well-known troll on urban growth and transit issues. Worth ignoring.

    GW, I'd say that it's disinvestment in core government services like public education - and the failure to develop a world-class national research university. But that's heading off topic.

  • Bartender (unverified)
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    As an aside (and not speaking to Portland's UGB policies), you probably shouldn't be citing Minneapolis-St. Paul's Urban Service Boundary as an example of controlling sprawl. I am a native of the Twin Cities and was astounded when I went back home, after being away a mere five years, by how far out the suburbs extended. It makes Vancouver look like a one horse town.

    From "Managing Growth in America's Communities" by Douglas R. Porter: (http://books.google.com/books?id=p7kUenCZrCwC&pg=PA232&lpg=PA231&ots=zKfwVfuWJX&dq=Minneapolis+St.+Paul+Urban+Service+Boundary&output=html_text)

    The Urban Service Line has functioned relatively successfully to achieve contiguous urban development but has not promoted higher-density development. By and large, development patterns in the Twin Cities area have maintained the same low-density characteristics common to fringe areas of most American cities.

  • George Anonymuncule Seldes (unverified)
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    It is to laugh -- unless you define Clark County out of the Portland Metro area. Metro has capitulated to the pro-sprawl lobby by backing the 12-Lane Catastrophe on the Columbia, the fantasy of the sprawlbuilders from Amboy on down to the river. The UGB has a giant north-facing gap in it, and pretending that Metro is holding the line on sprawl just because it's happening in Ridgefield and Battle Ground is a joke when you're talking about dropping $4+ billion on a boondoggle to promote long-distance auto-commuting.

  • Mike M (unverified)
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    Jim H: regarding those half-loops

    I moved to Oregon from NY back in the 70s. Back then, I-205 was nearing completion, and the debate was withering on the defunct Mt. Hood Freeway. The big debate of the time was the Westside bypass, the I-205 mirror that would link Wilsonville to Hillsboro.

    Alas, it never came to be because no one wanted to lose all that farmland, long since paved over by the sprawl of Wilsonville, Sherwood, Tualatin, Tigard, and Aloha (still unincorporated). The only major Westside road construction saw HWY-217 change from the 2-lane byway, to the 4-lane limited access parking lot it has become. I had moved to the edge of the UGB in 1980 to a now-paved gravel road; this road is now part of a favorite shortcut between Tualatin and Aloha/Hillsboro that connects the terminus of Roy Rogers Blvd to Aloha.

    So instead of an efficient westside bypass, we have unofficial, inefficient, but well-used secondary roads.

    An urban growth plan is not just about where to locate housing. Retail, commercial, and industrial all need to be factored. And more importantly, transportation - whether rail, car/bus highways, or hot-air balloon.

    Too bad some of this couldn't have been done better back in the 70s.

    I'm now within the UGB, but still very near the edge. Fortunately for me, there is a 400 acre Metro greenspace bordering me that will likely stay that way for the next 100 years or so.

  • Wayne (unverified)
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    Increasing density seems silly. Don't people in Oregon know that much of Oregon's growth comes from people moving to escape high density jungles of other places?

    Sure, develop in-fill areas before spreading out, but affordable single density housing will always attract people, even if they must drive that dreaded, hated car 30 miles to work.

    Specious arguments that density saves money etc. and that it facilitates the development of rail clients using TOD seem--well specious--and deserve a deep drawer in the closets of academia instead of muddling brains of young urban planners, who must regurgitate density nonsense in examinations.

    So far Portland has wasted tremendous amounts of money building and operating about 70 km of rail routes with about the same number of stops. About 100,000 LRT trips per day? How pathetic can things become when planners lose all perspective?

    With a urban area of about 2 million or so people, don't Portland's planners realize that about 1 million people must get to work every morning. One hundred thousand trips by LRT--Sheesh--about 50,000 employees at most. Several cities in North America have better penetration of public transit for the work commute without draconian measures of increasing density. Some of them even welcome freeways and use the roads to stuff their mass transit with people, by using feeder bus systems.

    Increasing density sounds good, until one looks at the downsides: higher housing costs, gentrification, congestion, and the flight from the urban area to the freedom of one's own green space.

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    So, Wayne, you're suggesting that we should sprawl outward?

    Do you have any evidence that sprawl costs less? Because the big report I linked to from Metro's Michael Jordan make a pretty persuasive case that in-fill development is substantially (as in billions) cheaper.

    And, btw, building higher densities doesn't mean abolishing the single family home or greenspaces. In fact, it means exactly the opposite - lots of urban greenspaces and building smaller single-family homes.

    <h2>I come from a family of five children. My sister, a kindergarten teacher, likes to point out that "three is the new five". In that world, smaller homes are OK.</h2>

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